{"name":"soapformulator.com historical soap formulas","license":"https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/","source":"https://soapformulator.com/recipes/historical","note":"Each formula as its book printed it, with the printed page and the text it was read from. database_id is our match for a material and may be empty; the printed name is the evidence.","records":[{"id":"thomssen-1922-cold-made-cocoanut-oil-soap","name":"Cold-made cocoanut oil soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin cocoanut oil","quantity":846,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Lye (soda), 35 degs. B.","quantity":470,"unit":"parts","baumeDeg":35},"additives":[{"name":"Water","quantity":24,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"One of the few in the book that is genuinely cold-made, so the stated lye is the lye the bar keeps and a superfat can be computed from it.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"43"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-cold-made-shaving-soap","name":"Cold-made shaving soap","purpose":"shaving","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":null,"sourceName":"Talgol Extra","quantity":50,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"hardened fish oil, trade name — no record"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut Oil","quantity":10,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"lard","sourceName":"Lard","quantity":10,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"dual","material":"Soda Lye, 38° B. 20 lbs and Potash Lye, 37° B. 21 lbs","quantity":41,"unit":"lb"},"notes":"Dual lye, which is what makes a shaving soap lather the way it does. The two are stated separately: 20 lb soda lye at 38° B. and 21 lb potash lye at 37° B.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"98"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-curd-soap","name":"Curd soap, typical charge","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"oleic-acid","sourceName":"Red oil","quantity":63,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"\"Red oil\" is commercial oleic acid — saponified as a free fatty acid, so it needs ~1.4x the alkali a triglyceride does"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Rosin","quantity":27,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"Grained rather than settled, to get a hard bar out of low-titre fat. 27 % rosin is the highest in the book.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"72"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-fulling-settled-soap","name":"Settled soap for fulling","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm Oil","quantity":34,"unit":"parts"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Cottonseed foots or its equivalent in fatty acids","quantity":33,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"cottonseed refining residue — no record"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Rosin","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"House Grease","quantity":23,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"rendered mixed kitchen grease — no defined composition, no record"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"99"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-glued-up-soap-stock","name":"Glued-up soap, kettle stock","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached palm oil","quantity":5,"unit":"parts"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Distilled grease","quantity":2,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"distilled rendered grease — no record"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Cotton oil foots stock, 63% fatty acid","quantity":1,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"cottonseed refining residue at a stated 63 % fatty acid — no record"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Rosin","quantity":4,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"A deliberately cheap soap: the fatty acid content is then run down to 50-55 % in the crutcher with silicate and carbonate.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"69"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-liquid-soap-i","name":"Liquid soap I (cocoanut)","purpose":"liquid","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":130,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Caustic potash lye, 28° B.","quantity":135,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":28},"additives":[{"name":"Sugar","quantity":72,"unit":"lb","note":"clarity aid"},{"name":"Borax","quantity":2,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":267,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"The book states this comes out at about 20 % fatty acids.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"95"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-liquid-soap-ii","name":"Liquid soap II (corn oil)","purpose":"liquid","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"maize-oil","sourceName":"Corn oil","quantity":130,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Caustic potash lye, 26° B.","quantity":135,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":26},"additives":[{"name":"Sugar","quantity":72,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Borax","quantity":2,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":267,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"The cheap version of I. Also about 20 % fatty acids.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"95"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-liquid-soap-iii","name":"Liquid soap III (dilute cocoanut)","purpose":"liquid","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Caustic potash lye, 28° B.","quantity":102,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":28},"additives":[{"name":"Glycerine","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Sugar","quantity":70,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":833,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"Eight parts water to one of oil — a far weaker soap than I or II.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"95"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-olive-foots-potash-soap","name":"Olive-foots potash soap for silk throwing","purpose":"soft-soap","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":null,"sourceName":"Olive Oil Foots","quantity":600,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"settling residue from olive oil refining — no record"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Potash Lye, 20° B.","quantity":660,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":20},"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"101"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-olive-oil-base-white-75-25","name":"Olive oil base (white), leanest of the stated range","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive oil","quantity":75,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":25,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"Stated as 75-90 olive against 25-10 cocoanut. The book says an olive soap \"may readily be superfatted\" — the only place it uses the word.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-olive-oil-base-white-90-10","name":"Olive oil base (white), richest of the stated range","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive oil","quantity":90,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-olive-tallow-cocoanut-base","name":"Olive, tallow and cocoanut base","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive oil","quantity":40,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":40,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut","quantity":20,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"68"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-and-olive-base","name":"Palm and olive base","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm oil","quantity":50,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive oil","quantity":30,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":20,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"68"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-base-75-25","name":"Palm base (leanest of the stated range)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached Lagos palm oil","quantity":75,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"Lagos is an origin grade; bleaching does not move the SAP"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":25,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"Stated as 75-80 palm against 25-20 cocoanut. The book notes palm alone \"makes a short soap\", which the coconut is there to fix.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-base-80-20","name":"Palm base (richest of the stated range)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached Lagos palm oil","quantity":80,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"Lagos is an origin grade; bleaching does not move the SAP"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":20,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-kernel-corn-charge","name":"Palm kernel and corn oil charge","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-kernel-oil","sourceName":"Palm Kernel Oil","quantity":60,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"maize-oil","sourceName":"Corn Oil","quantity":40,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"The book says these are all saponified with soda lye but does not state how much.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"101"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-kernel-red-oil-charge","name":"Palm kernel and red oil charge","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-kernel-oil","sourceName":"Palm Kernel Oil","quantity":30,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"oleic-acid","sourceName":"Red Oil (single pressed)","quantity":70,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"commercial oleic acid, single-pressed grade"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"101"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-palm-olive-tallow-cocoanut-base","name":"Palm, olive, tallow and cocoanut base","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm oil","quantity":20,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive oil","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":50,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":20,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"68"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-pumice-soap-i","name":"Pumice soap I","purpose":"abrasive","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"palm-kernel-oil","sourceName":"Palm Kernel or Ceylon Cocoanut Oil","quantity":705,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"the book offers either; entered as palm kernel, the first named"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 38° B.","quantity":378,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":38},"additives":[{"name":"Pumice (powdered)","quantity":281,"unit":"lb","note":"inert abrasive; consumes no alkali"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"93"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-sand-soap-ii","name":"Sand soap II","purpose":"abrasive","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut Oil","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 38° B.","quantity":55,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":38},"additives":[{"name":"Water","quantity":6,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Silver sand (fine)","quantity":60,"unit":"lb","note":"inert abrasive"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"93"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-shaving-cream-i","name":"Shaving cream I","purpose":"shaving","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin cocoanut oil","quantity":26,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"},{"id":"stearic-acid","sourceName":"Stearic acid","quantity":165,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Caustic potash lye, 50° B.","quantity":69,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":50},"additives":[{"name":"Glycerine C. P.","quantity":76,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":38,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"Stearic acid is 86 % of the fat charge. The book tests the finish by taste — \"if a cooled sample bites the tongue more stearic acid is added until there is a 3% excess of this\", which is a superfat stated as a procedure rather than a number.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"91"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-shaving-cream-ii","name":"Shaving cream II","purpose":"shaving","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin cocoanut oil","quantity":18,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"},{"id":"stearic-acid","sourceName":"Stearic acid","quantity":73,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"koh","material":"Caustic potash lye, 39° B.","quantity":54,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":39},"additives":[{"name":"Glycerine","quantity":33,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":27,"unit":"lb"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"91"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-talgol-toilet-soap-i","name":"Toilet soap on hardened fish oil, I","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":45,"unit":"parts"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Talgol","quantity":40,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"a 1920s trade name the book itself says is \"undoubtedly hardened fish oil\" — no record"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut Oil","quantity":15,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"Talgol is a trade name the book itself glosses as \"undoubtedly hardened fish oil\" — a reminder that a 1920s trade name is not a specification.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"97"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-tallow-base-75-25","name":"Tallow base (leanest of the stated range)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":75,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":25,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"The book states 75-90 tallow against 25-10 cocoanut; this is the 75/25 end.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-tallow-base-90-10","name":"Tallow base (richest of the stated range)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":90,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"}],"notes":"The 90/10 end of the same stated range.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-tallow-base-kettle-charge","name":"Tallow base, kettle charge","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":88,"unit":"percent"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":10,"unit":"percent"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Rosin w. w.","quantity":2,"unit":"percent","unmatchedNote":"water-white, the palest grade; IS 553 covers it under the pale type"}],"notes":"The book gives this as \"a concrete example of the method of manufacture of a tallow base\".","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"36"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-tallow-palm-cocoanut-base","name":"Tallow, palm and cocoanut base","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":30,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm oil","quantity":60,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut oil","quantity":10,"unit":"parts"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"67"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-textile-soap-corn-oil","name":"Textile soap on corn oil","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":null,"sourceName":"Olive Oil Foots","quantity":12,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"settling residue from olive oil refining — no record"},{"id":"maize-oil","sourceName":"Corn Oil","quantity":46,"unit":"parts"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"House Grease","quantity":20,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"rendered mixed kitchen grease — no defined composition, no record"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 36° B.","quantity":3,"unit":"parts","baumeDeg":36},"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"100"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-textile-soap-red-oil","name":"Textile soap on red oil","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"oleic-acid","sourceName":"Red oil","quantity":80,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"\"Red oil\" is commercial oleic acid — saponified as a free fatty acid, so it needs ~1.4x the alkali a triglyceride does"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"House grease","quantity":20,"unit":"parts","unmatchedNote":"rendered mixed kitchen grease — no defined composition, no record"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Caustic soda lye, 36 degs. B.","quantity":3,"unit":"parts","baumeDeg":36},"notes":"The book wants this one neutral \"so as not to affect the varnish or paint of automobiles\".","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"40"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-transparent-soap-i","name":"Cold-made transparent soap I","purpose":"transparent","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Bleached Tallow","quantity":134,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin Cocoanut Oil","quantity":88,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"},{"id":"castor-oil","sourceName":"Castor Oil","quantity":20,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"W. W. Rosin","quantity":7,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"water-white, the palest grade; IS 553 covers it under the pale type"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 38 degs. B.","quantity":135,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":38},"additives":[{"name":"Cane Sugar","quantity":64,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":32,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Glycerine","quantity":34,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Alcohol","quantity":16,"unit":"gal-us"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"86"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-transparent-soap-iii","name":"Cold-made transparent soap III","purpose":"transparent","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"castor-oil","sourceName":"Castor Oil","quantity":60,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin Cocoanut Oil","quantity":195,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":120,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 38 degs. B.","quantity":205.5,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":38},"additives":[{"name":"Alcohol","quantity":115,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Sugar","quantity":90,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":53,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Glycerine","quantity":53,"unit":"lb"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"86"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-transparent-soap-iv","name":"Cold-made transparent soap IV","purpose":"transparent","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cochin Cocoanut Oil","quantity":100,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Cochin is an origin grade of coconut oil, not a distinct fat"},{"id":"castor-oil","sourceName":"Castor Oil","quantity":60,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Rosin, W. W.","quantity":20,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"water-white, the palest grade; IS 553 covers it under the pale type"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 36 degs. B.","quantity":164,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"additives":[{"name":"Glycerine","quantity":20,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Sugar","quantity":40,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":50,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Alcohol","quantity":8,"unit":"gal-us"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"87"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-transparent-soap-v","name":"Cold-made transparent soap V","purpose":"transparent","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":174,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoanut Oil","quantity":114,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 38 degs. B.","quantity":170,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":38},"additives":[{"name":"Sugar","quantity":80,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Water","quantity":72,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Alcohol","quantity":16,"unit":"gal-us"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"87"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-wool-scouring-soap-i","name":"Wool scouring soap I","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm Oil","quantity":200,"unit":"lb"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Bone Grease","quantity":460,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"rendered bone fat — no record"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 36° B.","quantity":357,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"additives":[{"name":"Water","quantity":113,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Soda Ash","quantity":50,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Citronella","quantity":2,"unit":"lb","note":"to cover the smell of the bone grease"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"99"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-wool-scouring-soap-ii","name":"Wool scouring soap II","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm Oil (Calabar, unbleached)","quantity":155,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Calabar is an origin grade"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"House Grease","quantity":360,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"rendered mixed kitchen grease — no defined composition, no record"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 36° B.","quantity":324,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"additives":[{"name":"Water","quantity":268,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Sodium Silicate","quantity":83,"unit":"lb"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"99"}}},{"id":"thomssen-1922-wool-scouring-soap-iii","name":"Wool scouring soap III","purpose":"textile-scouring","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":null,"sourceName":"House Grease","quantity":185,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"rendered mixed kitchen grease — no defined composition, no record"},{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Palm Oil (unbleached)","quantity":309,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"Soda Lye, 36° B.","quantity":309,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"additives":[{"name":"Water","quantity":391,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Soda Ash","quantity":70,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Sodium Silicate","quantity":60,"unit":"lb"},{"name":"Corn Starch","quantity":10,"unit":"lb"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"E. G. Thomssen","document":"Soap-Making Manual: A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant","publisher":"D. Van Nostrand Company","year":1922,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34114/34114-h/34114-h.htm","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":false,"page":"99"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-cold-process-lard-soap","name":"Lard soap, cold process","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"lard","sourceName":"Lard","quantity":112,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"caustic soda ley at 36° B., added in two halves of 28 lb","quantity":56,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"notes":"Single-fat, cold-made, and the temperature is capped at 149 °F. Watt judges the finish by hand: the soap \"should feel somewhat unctuous when pressed between the fingers, but exhibit no greasiness\".","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"83"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-cold-process-white-soap","name":"White soap, cold process, small batch","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow, lard, or bleached palm-oil","quantity":120,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Watt offers any of the three interchangeably; entered as tallow, the first named"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":40,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"ley at 36° B.","quantity":80,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"notes":"A 75/25 hard-fat-to-coconut bar made in a 100-gallon pan, mixed at about 120 °F and no hotter than 122 °F \"otherwise there will be a separation of the ley from the fatty materials\". The closest thing in these four books to a recipe a maker could follow today.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"82"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-french-formula-i","name":"French formula I — white, odourless soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":675,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"arachis-oil","sourceName":"Earth-nut oil","quantity":675,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"\"Earth-nut\" is the period name for groundnut / peanut oil"},{"id":"lard","sourceName":"Lard","quantity":900,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"Watt: \"This produces a white, odourless soap.\"","statedOilTotal":2250,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"49"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-french-formula-ii","name":"French formula II — hard palm and sesame soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached palm-oil","quantity":1675,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"sesame-oil","sourceName":"Oil of sesame","quantity":450,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"White tallow","quantity":225,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"OCR DOUBT, not a transcription slip: these three sum to 2,350 under a printed total of 2,250. The other three French formulae sum exactly, and 1,575 is one damaged digit from 1,675, so the book most likely printed 1,575 — but the figure here is what the scan says, flagged, rather than a correction we invented. Watt: \"Produces a very hard soap, of good quality, but not so white as the above. It turns slightly yellow by keeping.\"","statedOilTotal":2250,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"49"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-french-formula-iii","name":"French formula III — tallow-led soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":450,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"White tallow","quantity":1350,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"arachis-oil","sourceName":"Earth-nut oil","quantity":450,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"\"Earth-nut\" is the period name for groundnut / peanut oil"}],"notes":"Watt rates it \"superior to that of Marseilles\", then concedes it smells faintly of tallow.","statedOilTotal":2250,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"49"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-french-formula-iv","name":"French formula IV — white soap with cocoa-nut","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":675,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":225,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"lard","sourceName":"Lard","quantity":675,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":675,"unit":"lb"}],"notes":"The scan prints the cocoa-nut line as \"22S\" and the total as \"2,260\"; 225 and 2,250 are the readings that make the column add up and match the other three formulae. Watt: the cocoa-nut oil \"gives the soap a disagreeable odour, although it improves its lather\".","statedOilTotal":2250,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"50"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-hawes-cold-process-tallow","name":"Tallow soap by Hawes's cold process","purpose":"household-bar","process":"cold","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"about 20 gallons of ley of 17° B.","quantity":20,"unit":"gal-imp","baumeDeg":17},"notes":"The patent that made cold process a commercial method. Hawes keeps the glycerine that boiling throws away with the spent lye, which is the whole argument for the process and is still the argument today.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"80"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-marseilles-soap","name":"Marseilles soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":100,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"caustic soda ley of 36° Baumé","quantity":54,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":36},"notes":"Watt gives the alkali twice: 54 lb of ley at 36° Baumé, \"and this amount of ley represents about 15·50 of solid caustic soda — the utmost amount that must be applied to each 100 lbs. of the oil used\". Olive oil at a typical 190 mg KOH/g needs about 13.6 lb of NaOH for complete saponification, so the kettle is charged roughly 14 % over. That is not a negative superfat: the excess leaves with the spent lye when the soap is salted out. This is the clearest case in the corpus of why a boiled formula cannot be read as a cold-process recipe.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"37"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-oleic-acid-soap","name":"Oleic acid (red oil) soap","purpose":"household-bar","process":"semi-boiled","oils":[{"id":"oleic-acid","sourceName":"Oleic acid","quantity":1000,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"caustic soda ley at 18° B.","quantity":1300,"unit":"lb","baumeDeg":18},"notes":"A free fatty acid, so it needs far more alkali per gram than a triglyceride and reacts on contact — Watt warns of foaming that has to be beaten down with a shovel. He tunes the endpoint by taste: caustic after two or three hours means add oil, no alkaline taste at all means add ley.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"83"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-toilet-fat-group-i","name":"Toilet soap fat group I (tallow and colza)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":380,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"rapeseed-oil","sourceName":"Colza-oil","quantity":70,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"colza is the period name for rapeseed oil; it is the high-erucic type, not modern canola"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":150,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"ley in three strengths, 18°, 24° and 30° B., 750–775 lb in total per 600 lb of fat","quantity":762.5,"unit":"lb"},"notes":"The ley is staged: a third at 18°, a third at 24°, the rest at 30° B. Entered at the midpoint of the stated 750–775 lb.","statedOilTotal":600,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"135"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-toilet-fat-group-ii","name":"Toilet soap fat group II (tallow and tallow-oil)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":225,"unit":"lb"},{"id":null,"sourceName":"Tallow-oil","quantity":225,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"the liquid olein fraction pressed from tallow — no ingredient-db record"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":150,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"ley in three strengths, 18°, 24° and 30° B., 750–775 lb in total per 600 lb of fat","quantity":762.5,"unit":"lb"},"statedOilTotal":600,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"135"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-toilet-fat-group-iii","name":"Toilet soap fat group III (tallow and palm)","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":150,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached palm-oil","quantity":300,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":150,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"ley in three strengths, 18°, 24° and 30° B., 750–775 lb in total per 600 lb of fat","quantity":762.5,"unit":"lb"},"statedOilTotal":600,"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"135"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-white-cocoa-oil-soap","name":"White cocoa-oil soap (Sturtevant's process)","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":2072,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":168,"unit":"lb"}],"lye":{"kind":"dual","material":"325 gallons soda ley at 24° B. and 60 gallons potash ley at 20° B.","quantity":385,"unit":"gal-imp"},"notes":"Watt allows \"olive or other sweet oil, or tallow\" for the 168 lb line; entered as olive, the first named. The potash ley is used with the soda \"only for the finer qualities of soap\".","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"74"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-windsor-soap","name":"Windsor soap","purpose":"toilet-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":9,"unit":"parts"},{"id":"olive-oil","sourceName":"Olive-oil","quantity":1,"unit":"parts"}],"additives":[{"name":"Oil of caraway","quantity":5,"unit":"parts","note":"ozs per 100 lb of soap"},{"name":"Oil of bergamot","quantity":10,"unit":"parts","note":"ozs per 100 lb of soap"},{"name":"Oil of cloves","quantity":1.5,"unit":"parts","note":"ozs per 100 lb of soap; the scan prints \"1\\\", read as 1½"},{"name":"Oil of thyme","quantity":5,"unit":"parts","note":"ozs per 100 lb of soap"}],"notes":"The most famous named soap in the book and the simplest: nine parts tallow to one of olive oil, the whole of its character coming from the caraway. Watt gives the perfume twice over, per 1,000 lb of paste and per 100 lb of soap; the per-100 lb figures are the ones entered.","provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"150"}}},{"id":"watt-1884-yellow-cocoa-oil-soap","name":"Yellow soap with cocoa-oil","purpose":"household-bar","process":"full-boiled","oils":[{"id":"coconut-oil","sourceName":"Cocoa-nut oil","quantity":1072,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Raw palm-oil","quantity":112,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"palm-oil","sourceName":"Bleached palm-oil","quantity":336,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"tallow","sourceName":"Tallow","quantity":448,"unit":"lb"},{"id":"rosin","sourceName":"Resin","quantity":224,"unit":"lb","unmatchedNote":"Watt's spelling of rosin (colophony); the same material"}],"lye":{"kind":"naoh","material":"450 gallons soda ley at 23° B.","quantity":450,"unit":"gal-imp","baumeDeg":23},"additives":[{"name":"Common salt","quantity":112,"unit":"lb","note":"for graining out"}],"provenance":{"kind":"document","primary":{"author":"Alexander Watt","document":"The Art of Soap-Making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, Etc.","publisher":"Crosby Lockwood and Co., London","year":1884,"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924031277266","retrieved":"2026-09-22","ocr":true,"note":"Read from the Internet Archive OCR of the Cornell University Library copy. Page numbers are taken from OCR'd running headers and may be one out where the header digits were damaged.","page":"75"}}}]}