Óleos

Óleo de yangu

Nome INCI: Calodendrum Capense Nut Oil. Também: Óleo de castanheiro-do-cabo.

Valores publicados

Índice de saponificação	184,1 mg KOH/g
Usado pela calculadora	184,1 mg KOH/g (típico)
SAP para NaOH	0,1312 g/g
Índice de iodo	80,2–102,4 g I₂/100 g (típico 102,4)
INS (SAP − índice de iodo)	82
Ponto de fusão	—
Matéria insaponificável	0,9 %

Uma barra 100 % óleo de yangu

Dureza 28 abaixo de 29–54

Poder de limpeza 0 abaixo de 12–22

Condicionamento 71 acima de 44–69

Espuma de bolhas 0 abaixo de 14–46

Espuma cremosa 28 16–48

Qualidades convencionais somadas a partir dos grupos de ácidos graxos; uma barra de um só óleo é um ponto de referência, não uma receita.

Este registro é contestado. The three analyses of yangu oil disagree on its two main unsaturated acids: oleic acid 24-56 % and linoleic acid 20-36 %. The typical values follow the 1983 analysis that also measured the saponification value, but anything computed from the profile, which means the soap qualities, should be read as a range. The saponification value (184.1) is about 5 % below what that profile implies, which errs toward extra superfat; a 2009 figure of 266.5 is impossible for this oil and was not used.

Perfil de ácidos graxos

Ácido graxo		Intervalo publicado, %	Usado
Ácido mirístico	C14:0 · saturados	≤ 0,02	0,0
Ácido palmítico	C16:0 · saturados	17,69–35,6 (típico 23,8)	23,8
Ácido palmitoleico	C16:1	≤ 0,42	0,4
Ácido esteárico	C18:0 · saturados	2,5–4,5 (típico 4,5)	4,5
Ácido oleico	C18:1	24–55,75 (típico 33,7)	33,7
Ácido linoleico	C18:2	19,59–36 (típico 35,6)	35,6
Ácido α-linolênico	C18:3 n-3	0,68–1,4 (típico 1,4)	1,4
Ácido araquídico	C20:0 · saturados	0,77–1 (típico 1)	1,0
Ácido gadoleico	C20:1	≤ 0,21	0,2
Ácido behênico	C22:0 · saturados	≤ 0,24	0,2
Ácido lignocérico	C24:0 · saturados	≤ 0,15	0,2

De onde vêm estes números

As notas com fonte abaixo, e os títulos dos documentos que elas citam, são mantidos no idioma original. Uma citação traduzida não pode ser localizada, e um resumo técnico traduzido não é mais o resumo que foi conferido com o documento.

AOCS / Springer (Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society) - publisher-deposited abstract only — Munavu RM. 'Fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil of Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.' JAOCS 60(9):1653 (1983). DOI 10.1007/BF02662425. · documento datado de 1983-09 · consultado em 2026-09-24

Full text paywalled; the abstract as deposited with Crossref (api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/BF02662425) was read. The saponification value, iodine value and unsaponifiable matter of the same paper are from PlantFAdb (below).

PlantFAdb (Michigan State University), based on the Seed Oil Fatty Acids (SOFA) database of the Max Rubner-Institut — PlantFAdb datasets for Calodendrum capense (plant 16565) · consultado em 2026-09-24

Dataset #12419 'Fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil of calodendrum capense (l.f.) thunb' (1983; SOFA TAB_003561): saponification 184.1, iodine 102.4, unsaponifiable 0.9 %, acid value 2.3.

PlantFAdb (Michigan State University), based on the Seed Oil Fatty Acids (SOFA) database of the Max Rubner-Institut — PlantFAdb dataset for Calodendrum capense (plant 13215) · consultado em 2026-09-24

Dataset #22128 'Analytical characterization of the lipid fraction extracted from seeds of Calodendrum capensis (Rutaceae)' (1999).

Chemical Society of Ethiopia (Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia); copy in the Kenyatta University institutional repository — Wagutu AW, Chhabra SC, Thoruwa CL, Thoruwa TF, Mahunnah RLA. 'Indigenous oil crops as a source for production of biodiesel in Kenya.' Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(3):359-370 (2009). DOI 10.4314/bcse.v23i3.47660. · documento datado de 2009 · consultado em 2026-09-24

Table 2 (oil properties) and Table 4 (methyl-ester composition), read from word coordinates; its saponification value is rejected (see notes).

Typical values are Munavu 1983 (JAOCS 60(9):1653), Kenyan seed kernels, 60 % oil. The abstract, as deposited with Crossref, gives: '23.8% palmitic, 4.5% stearic, 33.7% oleic, 35.6% linoleic, 1.4% linolenic and 1.0% arachidic. Myristic and behenic acids were present in trace amounts'. PlantFAdb's transcription of the same paper (SOFA TAB_003561) gives palmitic 23.6 (the typical uses the abstract's 23.8) and the paper's constants: saponification value 184.1, iodine value 102.4, unsaponifiable matter 0.9 %, acid value 2.3. Wagutu, Chhabra, Thoruwa, Thoruwa & Mahunnah 2009 (Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(3):359-370), seeds from Mount Kenya forest via the Kenya Forestry Research Institute, oil yield 58 %: Table 2 density 0.908 g/cm3 (25 C), viscosity 26.6 mm2/s (40 C), iodine value (Wijs) 80.2, acid value 3.2 mg KOH/g, saponification value 266.5 and refractive index 1.4658; Table 4, methyl esters: palmitic 35.6, stearic 2.5, oleic 24.0, linoleic 36.0 (its 'literature' column, 23.6/4.5/33.7/35.6, matches Munavu's figures). REJECTED: that 266.5 mg KOH/g. The paper puts it down to 'short chain fatty acid (C12-C16)', 36 %, but in its own GC that 36 % is palmitic acid and the rest is C18; an oil made only of C16 and C18 acids cannot exceed about 208 (pure tripalmitin). The same table gives jatropha oil 112.2, so the column is not reliable. PlantFAdb 'Analytical characterization of the lipid fraction extracted from seeds of Calodendrum capensis (Rutaceae)' (1999; SOFA TAB_012074; oil 61.33 %): C14:0 0.02, C16:1 0.42, C16:0 17.69, C17:1 0.07, C17:0 0.09, C18:3 0.68, C18:2 19.59, C18:1 55.75, C18:0 4.32, C20:1 0.21, C20:0 0.77, C22:0 0.24, C24:0 0.15. An 'Unpublished (1996)' PlantFAdb dataset was not used. The three analyses disagree strongly on oleic against linoleic acid (24-56 % against 20-36 %), so those ranges are wide; the typical is Munavu's because it comes with the saponification and iodine values. Check: Munavu's profile implies about 194 mg KOH/g, so the published 184.1 is about 5 % lower (inside tolerance); its iodine value 102.4 is somewhat above what that profile implies (about 94), while Wagutu's Wijs 80.2 is close to what Wagutu's own profile implies (about 85).

Este registro faz parte do banco de dados aberto de ingredientes (ODbL). Encontrou um erro ou uma fonte primária melhor? O conjunto de dados está no GitHub; correções com link para um documento são bem-vindas.