Grasa de oso
Nombre INCI: Bear Oil. También: Manteca de oso, Aceite de oso.
Calcular una pastilla 100 % de grasa de oso
Eso es estequiometría sobre una composición medida y no una suposición, y está casi tan bien determinado como una cifra publicada: comprobado contra los 35 aceites del Codex en los que los dos campos vienen de la misma norma, el error mediano del método es del 0,90 % y su percentil 90 del 2,74 %, sin sesgo apreciable. La página de fórmulas enseña las cuentas. Si tiene un certificado de análisis de su lote, introduzca su valor medido en la calculadora y esta estimación se deja de lado.
Valores publicados
| Índice de saponificación | no publicado |
| Derivado de la composición | 195,2 ± 3 % mg KOH/g |
| Usado por la calculadora | 195,2 mg KOH/g (derivado) |
| SAP para NaOH | 0,1391 g/g |
| Índice de yodo | — |
| INS (SAP − índice de yodo) | — |
| Punto de fusión | — |
| Materia insaponificable | — |
Una pastilla hecha 100 % de grasa de oso
Cualidades convencionales sumadas a partir de los grupos de ácidos grasos; una pastilla de un solo aceite es una referencia, no una receta.
Perfil de ácidos grasos
| Ácido graso | Rango publicado, % | Usado | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ácido mirístico | C14:0 · saturados | 0,61–1,93 (típico 1,21) | 1,2 |
| Ácido palmítico | C16:0 · saturados | 12,35–45,01 (típico 25,33) | 25,3 |
| Ácido esteárico | C18:0 · saturados | 4,75–18,73 (típico 8,65) | 8,7 |
| Ácido oleico | C18:1 | 23,62–50,07 (típico 39,63) | 39,6 |
| Ácido linoleico | C18:2 | 2,94–39,79 (típico 22,81) | 22,8 |
| Ácido α-linolénico | C18:3 n-3 | 0–2,53 (típico 1,08) | 1,1 |
De dónde salen estos números
Las notas con fuente que aparecen debajo, y los títulos de los documentos que citan, se mantienen en su idioma original. Una cita traducida no se puede consultar, y un resumen técnico traducido ya no es el resumen que se contrastó con el documento.
Table 2 'Fatty acid composition (mass % of total fatty acids) of 13 black bears killed in Colorado during spring and summer, 2004' (individual rows, mean and SE); Table 1 (sex, age, date, cause of death); Study area and methods; Results. Read with pdftotext; the -layout output misplaces the cis 18:1n-9 column, so the rows were read from the -raw output, where each row is intact.
Table 3 (fatty-acid group ratios and SFA of white adipose tissue) and the descriptions of Supplementary Tables S1-S2. Read through the Europe PMC JATS XML; no percent-of-total-fatty-acid profile is printed, so no figure is used.
Tables 2 and 3 (GC-MS fatty-acid composition of bear grease by simmering and by enzymatic digestion). Read through the Europe PMC JATS XML and rejected: peaks labelled 'analytical standard' and '9,12-octadecadiynoic acid'.
SOURCE: Thiemann, Stahl, Baruch-Mordo & Breck, 'Trans fatty acids provide evidence of anthropogenic feeding by black bears', Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2(2):183-193 (2008), Table 2: subcutaneous fat (a minimum 1-2 cm3 from the mid-section) of 13 American black bears (Ursus americanus) killed in western Colorado in late spring and summer (May-September) 2004 - 6 destroyed after breaking into dwellings or killing livestock, 5 in the road-kill category (one of them shot after being struck by a vehicle), 1 cub found dying of possible poisoning (category 'injury') and 1 hunter harvest; 8 males and 5 females, 0-12 years where aged; modified Folch extraction, HCl-methanol methylation, GC-MS on an Agilent HP-88 column with a 13:0 internal standard; mass % of total fatty acids. Only nine acids were identified, and 16:0, 18:0, cis 18:1n-9 and cis 18:2n-6 made up more than 95 % of every sample. 'typical' is the printed mean of the 13 bears; min/max are the extremes of the printed individual rows: 14:0 mean 1.21 (0.61 bear 4 - 1.93 bear 8), 16:0 25.33 (12.35 bear 4 - 45.01 bear 6), 18:0 8.65 (4.75 bear 10 - 18.73 bear 3), cis 18:1n-9 39.63 (23.62 bear 9 - 50.07 bear 13), cis 18:2n-6 22.81 (2.94 bear 3 - 39.79 bear 7), 18:3n-3 1.08 (0.00 bear 8 - 2.53 bear 9); SE of the means 0.11, 2.65, 0.98, 1.94, 3.73, 0.24. NOT MAPPED: trans 18:1n-9 mean 1.13 (0.00-2.53), trans 18:2n-6 0.14 (0.00-1.44), 20:3n-3 0.02 (0.00-0.13) - 1.29 % of the mean; elaidic acid is deliberately not folded into oleic. Mapped keys total 98.71 % of the mean. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) was not among the nine acids identified, so the record has no palmitoleic entry; if the fat carried some, the shares printed for the other acids are correspondingly high. DIET DRIVES THIS FAT. A bear is a monogastric omnivore and lays down dietary fatty acids with little change: linoleic acid runs from 2.94 to 39.79 % between individual bears, and the conflict bears, which had eaten human food, carried more trans fat (trans 18:1n-9 1.60 +/- 0.30 % against 0.73 +/- 0.34 % in the others). A bear fattened in autumn on mast, berries or fish will not match this summer sample. NO SAPONIFICATION VALUE, IODINE VALUE, MELTING POINT OR UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER could be sourced; this paper measured none. Also checked: Giroud et al., Front. Physiol. 10:389 (2019), subcutaneous white adipose tissue of Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) in summer and in hibernation - the article tables give only fatty-acid group ratios (WAT SFA 44.08 % summer, 37.49 % winter) and its supplementary tables give concentrations (mmol/l) and proportions within the SFA, MUFA and PUFA classes, not percent of total fatty acids, so nothing is transcribed from it. Wang et al., Molecules 29(6):1311 (2024), bear grease of farmed Asiatic black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus) rendered by simmering or enzymatic digestion - read and rejected: its GC-MS tables label the largest peak 'analytical standard' (35.88 and 36.99 %) and list '9,12-octadecadiynoic acid' (16.76 and 15.26 %), a misidentification, and name neither oleic nor stearic acid, so the composition cannot be mapped (the same tables give palmitoleic 9.80 and 9.97 % and palmitic 19.75 and 19.7 %). Paywalled and not read: Can. J. Zool. (2001) 'Variation in the chemical composition of adipose tissue of three species of ursids' (DOI 10.1139/z01-101); Physiol. Biochem. Zool. (2017) on the subcutaneous adipose lipids of Croatian brown bears (DOI 10.1086/690913); J. Comp. Physiol. B (2021) on feeding and fasting bears (DOI 10.1007/s00360-021-01414-5). The calculator will derive a saponification value from the typical profile and label it derived. INCI is CosIng's entry for Bear Oil ('the oil derived from bear fat that has been boiled and filtered (Ursidae)'), which names no species; CosIng gives it no CAS or EC number.
Esta ficha forma parte de la base de datos abierta de ingredientes (ODbL). ¿Ha encontrado un error o una fuente primaria mejor? El conjunto de datos está en GitHub; las correcciones con un enlace al documento son bienvenidas.