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PROFILES span four samples. (J) and (H): Jeju and Halla horse fat, Park, Cho & Kim, Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 51(1):1-6 (2019), Table 4 - fat vacuum-extracted from the fatty tissue of Jeju and Halla horse meat (Jeju, Korea), GC-FID on an SP-2560 100 m column with the Supelco 37 FAME standard; J/H: C14:0 4.53/4.40, C14:1 0.70/0.59, C15:0 2.20/2.15, C16:0 30.6/28.2, C16:1 7.36/5.22, C17:0 0.29/0.36, C17:1 0.48/0.40, C18:0 4.99/5.53, C18:1 33.1/29.9, C18:2 12.1/16.3, C18:3 0.52/0.52, C20:0 2.95/6.12, C20:2 0.18/0.40 (same paper: commercial lard 1.60, n.d., 2.84, 24.4, 2.58, 0.34, 0.29, 12.94, 40.7, 12.4, 0.75, 0.66, 0.48; beef tallow 3.35, 0.75, 2.54, 27.1, 2.82, 1.42, 0.61, 20.1, 39.3, 1.97, n.d., n.d., n.d.). (N): 'horse oil' extracted by supercritical CO2 from the neck subcutaneous fat of 27-month-old Jeju horses (local slaughterhouse, Jeju Island) and purified (degumming, acid removal, washing and fractionation), Anneke et al., Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 44(2):443-463 (2024), Table 3, column CON (no deodorant): C14:0 5.42, C16:0 30.50, C16:1n7 9.11, C18:0 3.53, C18:1n9 33.70, C18:1n7 (vaccenic) 1.87, C18:2n6 10.74, C18:3n6 0.02, C18:3n3 4.57, C20:1n9 0.46, C20:4n6 0.05, C20:5n3 0.00, C22:4n6 0.03, C22:6n3 0.00 (SFA 39.45, MUFA 45.14, PUFA 15.41); the three deodorised variants in the same table (activated carbon, palm activated carbon, zeolite) differ from CON by at most 0.42 (C18:3n3 4.90-4.99) and are not used separately. (S): subcutaneous fat from the rib section of 10 Hispano-Breton horses (5 female, 5 male; grazed with their dams to weaning at 6-8 months and on to 11-13 months, then finished 100-120 days on a high-grain feedlot diet and slaughtered at 15-17 months, Spain; n = 20 loins), Beldarrain et al., Animals 11(5):1421 (2021), Tables 2-4, subcutaneous means: 12:0 0.224, 14:0 4.33, 15:0 0.410, 16:0 29.9, 17:0 0.505, 18:0 3.85, 20:0 0.0496, 22:0 0.0138, BCFA 0.285 (i-16:0 0.0844), 9c-14:1 0.389, 7c-16:1 0.328, 9c-16:1 7.58, 9c-18:1 32.7, 11c-18:1 1.51, 13c-18:1 0.0531, 11c-19:1 0.0738, 11c-20:1 0.470, trans-MUFA 0.149 (9t-18:1 0.0625), CLA 0.0931, non-conjugated 18:2 dienes 0.0475, 18:3 trienes 0.0263, 18:2n-6 12.0, 20:2n-6 0.281, 20:3n-6 0.0338, 20:4n-6 0.0631, 22:4n-6 0.0194, 22:5n-6 not detected, 18:3n-3 2.98, 20:3n-3 0.106, 20:5n-3 0.0119, 22:5n-3 0.0561, 22:6n-3 0.0120, 20:3n-9 0.0125 (SFA 39.5, MUFA 44.3, PUFA 15.6). BOUNDS: myristic 4.33 (S) - 5.42 (N); palmitic 28.2 (H) - 30.6 (J); palmitoleic 5.22 (H) - 9.11 (N); stearic 3.53 (N) - 5.53 (H); oleic 29.9 (H) - 33.70 (N); linoleic 10.74 (N) - 16.3 (H); linolenic 0.52 (J and H) - 4.57 (N); arachidic 0.0496 (S) - 6.12 (H); lauric 0.224 and behenic 0.0138 from S only; gammaLinolenic 0.02 from N only. ISOMERS: N and S split positional isomers, so only palmitoleic (C16:1n7 / 9c-16:1), oleic (C18:1n9 / 9c-18:1), linoleic (C18:2n6), alpha-linolenic (C18:3n3) and gamma-linolenic (C18:3n6) are mapped; J and H print totals, mapped the same way. Not mapped (no key, or not the isomer a key is named for): vaccenic acid (1.87 N, 1.51 S), 7c-16:1 0.328 (S), gondoic acid - C20:1n9 0.46 (N) and 11c-20:1 0.470 (S), whereas the gadoleic key is the cis-9, n-11 isomer - and C14:1, C15:0, C17:0, C17:1, C20:2 and the other minor and long-chain acids listed above. Park et al.'s arachidic acid (2.95 and 6.12 %) is far above the 0.0496 % in S; their own iodine value fits it as a saturated acid (the Halla profile implies an iodine value of about 62 with C20:0 as printed and about 78 if that peak were linolenic, against 57.6 measured), so it is kept as printed. Diet moves horse fat more than ruminant fat, because a horse absorbs dietary fatty acids before its hindgut: alpha-linolenic is 0.52 % in the Korean meat fat and 4.57 % in the neck-fat oil here, and pasture-fed horse oil is far higher (below). SAPONIFICATION AND IODINE VALUES are Park et al. Table 2, Jeju/Halla: saponification value 187.3 +/- 7.58 / 185.3 +/- 5.30 mg KOH/g, iodine value (Wijs) 57.5 +/- 0.22 / 57.6 +/- 0.33, acid value 0.61 / 0.59 mg KOH/g; the same table gives commercial lard 182.6 +/- 7.41 and 57.7 +/- 0.30, beef tallow 180.5 +/- 3.03 and 44.6 +/- 0.05. The saponification values are doubtful (see disputed): the Jeju and Halla profiles imply about 199 and 197 (3*56106/(3*M+38.05), M the mass-weighted mean fatty-acid molar mass; -5.8 and -6.1 %), and the same method gave lard and beef tallow values below the Codex CXS 211 advisory bands for those fats (lard 192-203, tallow 190-202). The iodine values agree with the profiles. MELTING POINT: 32.145 +/- 4.3311 C, capillary melting point of fresh (day 0) raw mesenteric fat from 10 free-grazing horses (4-9 years, both sexes, northern Kazakhstan), Nurseitova et al., Biology 15(14):1205 (2026), Table 4; the paper defines it as the mean of the temperature at which the fat begins to melt and the temperature at which it is completely liquefied in a 1 mm glass capillary (a melting-range midpoint, not a slip or clear point on its own). It is a different depot and herd from the profiles above. The same paper gives, at day 0, refractive index 1.4662, acid value 1.1721 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 4.2691 mmol O2/kg, density 0.9333 g/cm3, and no fatty-acid profile. UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER: 0.72 % (bone oil) - 0.97 % (offal oil), Brooker & Shorland, Biochem. J. 46(1):80-85 (1950), Table 1: commercial rendered horse oils representing about 2000 pasture-fed semi-draught horses (3-5 years) killed at the Auckland Farmers' Freezing Company, Southdown, New Zealand, 1946-47 - 'bone oil' from bones with adhering flesh and meat trimmings, 'offal oil' from heads, trotters and offal; a separately steam-rendered hoof oil (unsaponifiable 1.11 %) is not used, as the paper treats it as a different fat, like neat's-foot oil. The same table gives free fatty acid 1.1 / 1.5 / 2.3 %, saponification equivalents 283.5 (bone and offal) and 285.9 (hoof), and iodine values 99.0 (bone), 97.9 (offal) and 109.3 (hoof): pasture-fed horse oil is far more unsaturated than the Korean fat above, its C18 unsaturated acids (57 % of the total) being about 60 % oleic, 10 % a dienoic acid and 30 % linolenic (Summary). Those iodine values are not put into the range because no pasture-fed profile in the keys this schema needs was found: the 1950 ester-fractionation Table 3 gives the C18 unsaturated acids only as one total (57.6, 57.2, 56.8 and 56.3 % with mean unsaturation -3.4 to -3.5 H). A saponification equivalent is grams of fat per mole of KOH, so 56106/283.5 = 197.9 and 56106/285.9 = 196.2 mg KOH/g - stated for comparison, not recorded. USDA FoodData Central could not be queried in this session (API rate limit). INCI is CosIng's entry for Horse Fat ('the fat obtained from horses'); CosIng gives it no CAS or EC number and has no separate Horse Oil entry.

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