Ximenia Oil
INCI Ximenia Americana Seed Oil. Also: Ximenia americana seed oil, Ximenia seed oil, Sour plum kernel oil, Tallow wood oil, Ximenia caffra seed oil.
Published values
| Saponification value | 165.2–175 mg KOH/g |
| Used by the calculator | 170.1 mg KOH/g (midpoint) |
| SAP for NaOH | 0.1213 g/g |
| Iodine value | 77.4–90 g I₂/100 g |
| INS (SAP − IV) | 86 |
| Melting point | — |
| Unsaponifiable matter | 1.3–1.4 % |
A bar made of 100 % Ximenia Oil
Conventional qualities summed from the fatty-acid groups; a single-oil bar is a reference point, not a recipe.
Fatty-acid profile
| Fatty acid | Published range, % | Used | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palmitic acid | C16:0 · saturated | 1.13–1.81 | 1.5 |
| Palmitoleic acid | C16:1 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.0 |
| Stearic acid | C18:0 · saturated | 0.8–0.99 | 0.9 |
| Oleic acid | C18:1 | 31.82–36.15 | 34.0 |
| Linoleic acid | C18:2 | ≤ 0.65 | 0.7 |
| Arachidic acid | C20:0 · saturated | 0.28–0.38 | 0.3 |
| Gadoleic acid | C20:1 | 1.59–2.09 | 1.8 |
| Behenic acid | C22:0 · saturated | 1.15–1.18 | 1.2 |
| Erucic acid | C22:1 | 1.97–2.44 | 2.2 |
| Lignoceric acid | C24:0 · saturated | 2.63–3.52 | 3.1 |
Where these numbers come from
Table 2 (fatty-acid methyl esters by GC-MS); its Table 1 saponification and iodine values are rejected (see notes).
Dataset #11939, Ligthelm et al. 1954 (SOFA TAB_009499): saponification 165.2, iodine 77.4, unsaponifiable 1.4 %.
Dataset #11940, Ligthelm et al. 1954 (SOFA TAB_009497): saponification 170.4, iodine 83.0, unsaponifiable 1.4 %.
Dataset #11938, Ligthelm et al. 1954 (SOFA TAB_009498): saponification 172.8, iodine 79.7, unsaponifiable 1.3 %.
Dataset #10565 (1979; SOFA TAB_014655): saponification 175.0, iodine 90.0.
Dataset #23687, 'Identification of very long chain unsaturated fatty acids from Ximenia oil by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy' (2007).
THE FATTY-ACID PROFILE CANNOT BE COMPLETE IN THIS SCHEMA. Ximenia oil is built largely from acids the schema has no key for: ximenynic acid (octadec-11-en-9-ynoic, an acetylenic C18) and very-long-chain C24-C30 acids. The keyed acids above add up to only about 45 % of the oil, so no saponification value can be derived from them, and anything computed from the keyed profile describes less than half the oil. Profile: Satoto et al. 2019 (Biomolecules 10(1):18), Angolan Ximenia americana from Bibala, Namibe province: a locally produced oil bought there (LPO), a laboratory copy of the artisanal process (PAO) and a Soxhlet/n-pentane extract (SEO); Table 2 (GC-MS, FAME), LPO/PAO/SEO: 7-hexadecenoic 0.05/0.05/0.01; palmitoleic 0.06/0.02/0.01; palmitic 1.81/1.31/1.13; oleic 31.82/33.99/36.15; stearic 0.99/0.89/0.80; stearolic (9-octadecynoic) 0.26/nd/nd; linoleic nd/0.65/nd; 6,9- and 7,10-octadecadienoic up to 0.08; XIMENYNIC ('xymenicic') 5.89/6.66/5.17; gondoic (C20:1) 2.09/1.81/1.59; arachidic 0.33/0.38/0.28; 11,14-eicosadienoic nd/1.73/nd; erucic 2.42/2.44/1.97; behenic 1.18/1.18/1.15; NERVONIC (C24:1) 11.09/10.15/10.64; lignoceric 2.98/2.63/3.52; XIMENIC (C26:1) 10.22/9.32/9.87; CEROTIC (C26:0) 2.79/2.38/3.97; HEXACOSA-17,20,23-TRIENOIC (C26:3) 14.59/12.79/14.51; MONTANIC (C28:0) 0.92/1.25/3.00; 21-TRIACONTENOIC (C30:1, 'lumepueic' in the paper) 2.50/2.18/nd; identified 92.08/91.83/93.76 %; chains of 20 carbons or more 51.10/48.24/50.47 %. Unkeyed share in these oils: ximenynic 5.2-6.7 %, nervonic 10.2-11.1 %, C26:1 9.3-10.2 %, C26:3 12.8-14.6 %, C26:0 2.4-4.0 %, C28:0 0.9-3.0 %, C30:1 up to 2.5 %, C20:2 up to 1.7 %, plus 6-8 % unidentified. REJECTED from the same paper: saponification 221.76/229.67/295.00 and iodine 227.12/281.51/227.12 (Table 1). With half the oil in C20-C30 chains the saponification value has to be well below an ordinary seed oil's, not above; the paper's 'mean molecular weight' of 741-758 g/mol contradicts its own composition too. Saponification and iodine values are instead the older analyses transcribed in PlantFAdb: Ligthelm et al. 1954, 'A chemical study of the fruits of 3 South African Ximenia species, with special reference to the kernel oils' - X. caffra: saponification 170.4, iodine 83.0, unsaponifiable 1.4 %, acid value 2.5, ximenynic 24.3, oleic 32.5 %; X. americana var. microphylla: saponification 165.2, iodine 77.4, unsaponifiable 1.4 %, ximenynic 21.9, oleic 35.8 %; X. caffra var. natalensis: saponification 172.8, iodine 79.7, unsaponifiable 1.3 %, ximenynic 22.0, oleic 40.5 %; and 'Impiego cosmetologico dell'olio e dei fiori di Ximenia americana Linnaeus' (1979): saponification 175.0, iodine 90.0, ximenynic 26.5, oleic 54.0, stearic 3.3 %. Those analyses found three to four times more ximenynic acid (22-26.5 %) than the 2019 GC-MS (5.2-6.7 %); the difference is not resolved here, and it is the main reason the profile should be read as indicative. Rezanka & Sigler 2007 (X. americana, in PlantFAdb) list 28 acids including C24:1 4.68, C26:1 6.77, C28:1 9.68 and C30:1 5.36 %; their 21.34 % entry labelled linoleic in PlantFAdb is not used.
This record is part of the open ingredient database (ODbL). Found an error or a better primary source? The dataset is on GitHub; corrections with a document link are welcome.